Russian hybrid operations in Eastern and Southeastern Europe have entered a more aggressive phase, targeting states that are at different stages of European and Euro-Atlantic
The Zabjelo incident triggered a wave of protests framed as citizens’ defense actions. However, the background of these gatherings was clerical-nationalist in nature, as confirmed by the slogans heard during the rallies—many of which were rife with hate speech and xenophobia. Political party statements, reporting by pro-Serbian media outlets in Montenegro, as well as Serbian regime-affiliated media, known for spreading disinformation and false narratives, all contributed to heightening tensions
Annual reports from the State Department, the EU, and non-governmental organizations across Europe show a wide range of techniques that Russia, through its instruments of
In response to the Russian aggression against Ukraine, the member states of the European Union (EU) expelled over 550 Russian diplomats from February 2022 to
Montenegro and its society are facing a rapid expansion of policies and ideas that directly oppose Montenegro’s strategic orientation. Numerous actors from Serbia and their
In the context of dynamic socio-political events, social media has become arenas where ideological conflicts and political debates unfold. In Montenegro, social media serves as
